gethostbyname, gethostbyaddr, sethostent, gethostent, endhostent, h_errno, herror, hstrerror, gethostbyaddr_r, gethostbyname2, gethostbyname2_r, gethostbyname_r, gethostent_r - get network host entry

#include <netdb.h>
void sethostent(int stayopen);
void endhostent(void);
[[deprecated]] extern int h_errno;
[[deprecated]] struct hostent *gethostbyname(const char *name);
[[deprecated]] struct hostent *gethostbyaddr(const void addr[.len],
 socklen_t len, int type);
[[deprecated]] void herror(const char *s);
[[deprecated]] const char *hstrerror(int err);
/* System V/POSIX extension */
struct hostent *gethostent(void);
/* GNU extensions */
[[deprecated]]
struct hostent *gethostbyname2(const char *name, int af);
int gethostent_r(struct hostent *restrict ret,
 char buf[restrict .buflen], size_t buflen,
 struct hostent **restrict result,
 int *restrict h_errnop);
[[deprecated]]
int gethostbyaddr_r(const void addr[restrict .len], socklen_t len,
 int type,
 struct hostent *restrict ret,
 char buf[restrict .buflen], size_t buflen,
 struct hostent **restrict result,
 int *restrict h_errnop);
[[deprecated]]
int gethostbyname_r(const char *restrict name,
 struct hostent *restrict ret,
 char buf[restrict .buflen], size_t buflen,
 struct hostent **restrict result,
 int *restrict h_errnop);
[[deprecated]]
int gethostbyname2_r(const char *restrict name, int af,
 struct hostent *restrict ret,
 char buf[restrict .buflen], size_t buflen,
 struct hostent **restrict result,
 int *restrict h_errnop);

Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

    Since glibc 2.19:
        _DEFAULT_SOURCE
    glibc up to and including 2.19:
        _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE

    Since glibc 2.19:
        _DEFAULT_SOURCE
    glibc 2.8 to glibc 2.19:
        _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE
    Before glibc 2.8:
        none

    Since glibc 2.19
        _DEFAULT_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE < 200809L
    glibc 2.12 to glibc 2.19:
        _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE < 200809L
    Before glibc 2.12:
        none

The gethostbyname*(), gethostbyaddr*(), herror(), and hstrerror() functions are obsolete. Applications should use getaddrinfo(3), getnameinfo(3), and gai_strerror(3) instead.

The sethostent() function specifies, if stayopen is true (1), that a connected TCP socket should be used for the name server queries and that the connection should remain open during successive queries. Otherwise, name server queries will use UDP datagrams.

The endhostent() function ends the use of a TCP connection for name server queries.

The gethostbyname() function returns a structure of type hostent for the given host name. Here name is either a hostname or an IPv4 address in standard dot notation (as for inet_addr(3)). If name is an IPv4 address, no lookup is performed and gethostbyname() simply copies name into the h_name field and its struct in_addr equivalent into the h_addr_list[0] field of the returned hostent structure. If name doesn't end in a dot and the environment variable HOSTALIASES is set, the alias file pointed to by HOSTALIASES will first be searched for name (see hostname(7) for the file format). The current domain and its parents are searched unless name ends in a dot.

The gethostbyaddr() function returns a structure of type hostent for the given host address addr of length len and address type type. Valid address types are AF_INET and AF_INET6 (defined in <sys/socket.h>). The host address argument is a pointer to a struct of a type depending on the address type, for example a struct in_addr * (probably obtained via a call to inet_addr(3)) for address type AF_INET.

The (obsolete) herror() function prints the error message associated with the current value of h_errno on stderr.

The (obsolete) hstrerror() function takes an error number (typically h_errno) and returns the corresponding message string.

The domain name queries carried out by gethostbyname() and gethostbyaddr() rely on the Name Service Switch (nsswitch.conf(5)) configured sources or a local name server (named(8)). The default action is to query the Name Service Switch (nsswitch.conf(5)) configured sources, failing that, a local name server (named(8)).

Historical

The nsswitch.conf(5) file is the modern way of controlling the order of host lookups.

In glibc 2.4 and earlier, the order keyword was used to control the order of host lookups as defined in /etc/host.conf (host.conf(5)).

The hostent structure is defined in <netdb.h> as follows:

struct hostent {
    char  *h_name;            /* official name of host */
    char **h_aliases;         /* alias list */
    int    h_addrtype;        /* host address type */
    int    h_length;          /* length of address */
    char **h_addr_list;       /* list of addresses */
}
#define h_addr h_addr_list[0] /* for backward compatibility */

The members of the hostent structure are:

h_name

The official name of the host.

h_aliases

An array of alternative names for the host, terminated by a null pointer.

h_addrtype

The type of address; always AF_INET or AF_INET6 at present.

h_length

The length of the address in bytes.

h_addr_list

An array of pointers to network addresses for the host (in network byte order), terminated by a null pointer.

h_addr

The first address in h_addr_list for backward compatibility.

The gethostbyname() and gethostbyaddr() functions return the hostent structure or a null pointer if an error occurs. On error, the h_errno variable holds an error number. When non-NULL, the return value may point at static data, see the notes below.

getaddrinfo(3), getnameinfo(3), inet(3), inet_ntop(3), inet_pton(3), resolver(3), hosts(5), nsswitch.conf(5), hostname(7), named(8)