standards - C and UNIX Standards
The STANDARDS section that appears in many manual pages identifies various standards to which the documented interface conforms. The following list briefly describes these standards.
Version 7 (also known as Seventh Edition) UNIX, released by AT&T/Bell Labs in 1979. After this point, UNIX systems diverged into two main dialects: BSD and System V.
This is an implementation standard defined by the 4.2 release of the
Berkeley Software Distribution, released by the University of
California at Berkeley. This was the first Berkeley release that
contained a TCP/IP stack and the sockets API. 4.2BSD was released in
1983.
Earlier major BSD releases included 3BSD (1980),
4BSD (1980), and 4.1BSD (1981).
The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986.
The successor to 4.3BSD, released in 1993. This was the last major Berkeley release.
This is an implementation standard defined by AT&T's milestone
1983 release of its commercial System V (five) release. The previous
major AT&T release was System III, released in 1981.
This was the next System V release, made in 1985. The SVr2 was
formally described in the System V Interface Definition version
1 (SVID 1) published in 1985.
This was the successor to SVr2, released in 1986. This release was
formally described in the System V Interface Definition version
2 (SVID 2).
This was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989. This version of
System V is described in the "Programmer's Reference Manual: Operating
System API (Intel processors)" (Prentice-Hall 1992, ISBN 0-13-951294-2)
This release was formally described in the System V Interface
Definition version 3 (SVID 3), and is considered the
definitive System V release.
System V Interface Definition version 4, issued in 1995. Available online at http://www.sco.com/developers/devspecs/">.
This was the first C language standard, ratified by ANSI (American
National Standards Institute) in 1989 (X3.159-1989). Sometimes
this is known as ANSI C, but since C99 is also an ANSI
standard, this term is ambiguous. This standard was also ratified by ISO
(International Standards Organization) in 1990 (ISO/IEC
9899:1990), and is thus occasionally referred to as ISO
C90.
This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 1999
(ISO/IEC 9899:1999). Available online at http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards">.
This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 2011
(ISO/IEC 9899:2011).
The Large File Summit specification, completed in 1996. This specification defined mechanisms that allowed 32-bit systems to support the use of large files (i.e., 64-bit file offsets). See https://www.opengroup.org/platform/lfs.html">.
This was the first POSIX standard, ratified by IEEE as IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, and subsequently adopted (with minor revisions) as an ISO standard in 1990. The term "POSIX" was coined by Richard Stallman.
"Portable Operating System Interface for Computing Environments". IEEE 1003.1-1990 part 1, ratified by ISO in 1990 (ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990).
IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, describing commands and utilities, ratified by
ISO in 1993 (ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993).
POSIX.4)IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993, describing real-time facilities for portable operating systems, ratified by ISO in 1996 (ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996).
POSIX.4a)IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995, which describes the POSIX threads interfaces.
IEEE Std 1003.1d-1999, which describes additional real-time extensions.
IEEE Std 1003.1g-2000, which describes networking APIs (including sockets).
IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000, which describes advanced real-time extensions.
A 1996 revision of POSIX.1 which incorporated POSIX.1b and POSIX.1c.
Released in 1989, this was the first release of the X/Open Portability Guide to be based on a POSIX standard (POSIX.1-1988). This multivolume guide was developed by the X/Open Group, a multivendor consortium.
A revision of the X/Open Portability Guide, released in 1992. This revision incorporated POSIX.2.
A 1994 revision of XPG4. This is also referred to as Spec 1170, where 1170 referred to the number of interfaces defined by this standard.
Single UNIX Specification. This was a repackaging of XPG4v2 and other
X/Open standards (X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2, X/Open Networking
Service (XNS) Issue 4). Systems conforming to this standard can be
branded UNIX 95.
Single UNIX Specification version 2. Sometimes also referred to
(incorrectly) as XPG5. This standard appeared in 1997. Systems
conforming to this standard can be branded UNIX 98. See also http://www.unix.org/version2/">.)
This was a 2001 revision and consolidation of the POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and SUS standards into a single document, conducted under the auspices of the Austin Group http://www.opengroup.org/austin/">. The standard is available online at http://www.unix.org/version3/">.
The standard defines two levels of conformance: POSIX
conformance, which is a baseline set of interfaces required of a
conforming system; and XSI Conformance, which additionally
mandates a set of interfaces (the "XSI extension") which are only
optional for POSIX conformance. XSI-conformant systems can be branded
UNIX 03.
The POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts:
XBD: Definitions, terms, and concepts, header file specifications.
XSH: Specifications of functions (i.e., system calls and library functions in actual implementations).
XCU: Specifications of commands and utilities (i.e., the area formerly described by POSIX.2).
XRAT: Informative text on the other parts of the standard.
POSIX.1-2001 is aligned with C99, so that all of the library functions standardized in C99 are also standardized in POSIX.1-2001.
The Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3) comprises the Base Specifications containing XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT as above, plus X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2 as an extra volume that is not in POSIX.1-2001.
Two Technical Corrigenda (minor fixes and improvements) of the original 2001 standard have occurred: TC1 in 2003 and TC2 in 2004.
Work on the next revision of POSIX.1/SUS was completed and ratified in 2008. The standard is available online at http://www.unix.org/version4/">.
The changes in this revision are not as large as those that occurred for POSIX.1-2001/SUSv3, but a number of new interfaces are added and various details of existing specifications are modified. Many of the interfaces that were optional in POSIX.1-2001 become mandatory in the 2008 revision of the standard. A few interfaces that are present in POSIX.1-2001 are marked as obsolete in POSIX.1-2008, or removed from the standard altogether.
The revised standard is structured in the same way as its predecessor. The Single UNIX Specification version 4 (SUSv4) comprises the Base Specifications containing XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT, plus X/Open Curses Issue 7 as an extra volume that is not in POSIX.1-2008.
Again there are two levels of conformance: the baseline POSIX
Conformance, and XSI Conformance, which mandates an
additional set of interfaces beyond those in the base specification.
In general, where the STANDARDS section of a manual page lists POSIX.1-2001, it can be assumed that the interface also conforms to POSIX.1-2008, unless otherwise noted.
Technical Corrigendum 1 (minor fixes and improvements) of this standard was released in 2013.
Technical Corrigendum 2 of this standard was released in 2016.
Further information can be found on the Austin Group web site, http://www.opengroup.org/austin/">.
This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2008, with the addition of Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 and the XCurses specification.
This revision of POSIX is technically identical to POSIX.1-2008 with Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 applied.
This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2017, with the addition of the XCurses specification.
The interfaces documented in POSIX.1/SUS are available as manual pages under sections 0p (header files), 1p (commands), and 3p (functions); thus one can write "man 3p open".
getconf(1), confstr(3), pathconf(3), sysconf(3), attributes(7), feature_test_macros(7), libc(7), posixoptions(7), system_data_types(7)