NAME

_exit, _Exit - terminate the calling process

LIBRARY

Standard C library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS

#include <unistd.h>
[[noreturn]] void _exit(int status);
#include <stdlib.h>
[[noreturn]] void _Exit(int status);

Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

_Exit():

    _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L

DESCRIPTION

_exit() terminates the calling process "immediately". Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed. Any children of the process are inherited by init(1) (or by the nearest "subreaper" process as defined through the use of the prctl(2) PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER operation). The process's parent is sent a SIGCHLD signal.

The value status & 0xFF is returned to the parent process as the process's exit status, and can be collected by the parent using one of the wait(2) family of calls.

The function _Exit() is equivalent to _exit().

RETURN VALUE

These functions do not return.

STANDARDS

_exit(): POSIX.1-2008.
_Exit(): C11, POSIX.1-2008.

HISTORY

POSIX.1-2001, SVr4, 4.3BSD.

_Exit() was introduced by C99.

NOTES

For a discussion on the effects of an exit, the transmission of exit status, zombie processes, signals sent, and so on, see exit(3).

The function _exit() is like exit(3), but does not call any functions registered with atexit(3) or on_exit(3). Open stdio(3) streams are not flushed. On the other hand, _exit() does close open file descriptors, and this may cause an unknown delay, waiting for pending output to finish. If the delay is undesired, it may be useful to call functions like tcflush(3) before calling _exit(). Whether any pending I/O is canceled, and which pending I/O may be canceled upon _exit(), is implementation-dependent.

C library/kernel differences

The text above in DESCRIPTION describes the traditional effect of _exit(), which is to terminate a process, and these are the semantics specified by POSIX.1 and implemented by the C library wrapper function. On modern systems, this means termination of all threads in the process.

By contrast with the C library wrapper function, the raw Linux _exit() system call terminates only the calling thread, and actions such as reparenting child processes or sending SIGCHLD to the parent process are performed only if this is the last thread in the thread group.

Up to glibc 2.3, the _exit() wrapper function invoked the kernel system call of the same name. Since glibc 2.3, the wrapper function invokes exit_group(2), in order to terminate all of the threads in a process.